Do Interactions Between Gut Ecology and Environmental Chemicals Contribute to Obesity and Diabetes?

Do Interactions Between Gut Ecology and Environmental Chemicals Contribute to Obesity and Diabetes?
http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104204

Citation: Snedeker SM, Hay AG 2011. Do Interactions Between Gut Ecology and Environmental Chemicals Contribute to Obesity and Diabetes? Environ Health Perspect :-. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104204

BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota are important factors in obesity and diabetes, yet little is known about their role in the toxicodynamics of environmental chemicals including those recently found to be obesogenic and diabetogenic.
 

OBJECTIVES: We integrate evidence that independently links gut ecology and environmental chemicals to obesity/diabetes, providing a framework for suggesting how these environmental factors may interact with these diseases, and identify future research needs.

METHODS: We examined studies with germ-free or antibiotic treated laboratory animals, and human studies that evaluated how dietary influences and microbial changes affected obesity/diabetes. Strengths and weaknesses of studies evaluating how environmental chemical exposures may affect obesity and diabetes were summarized, and research gaps on how gut ecology may affect the disposition of environmental chemicals were identified.

RESULTS: There is mounting evidence that gut microbiota composition affects obesity and diabetes, as does exposure to environmental chemicals. The toxicology and pharmacology literature also suggests that interindividual variations in gut microbiota may affect chemical metabolism via direct activation of chemicals, depletion of metabolites needed for biotransformation, alteration of host biotransformation enzyme activities, changes in enterohepatic circulation, altered bioavailability of environmental chemicals and/or antioxidants from food, or alterations in gut motility and barrier function.

CONCLUSIONS: Variations in gut microbiota are likely to affect human toxicodynamics and increase individual exposure to obesogenic and diabetogenic chemicals. Combating the global obesity/diabetes epidemics requires a multifaceted approach that should include greater emphasis on understanding and controlling the impact of interindividual gut microbe variability on the disposition of environmental chemicals in humans.